The territory of Kolomenskoye is a part of the Moscow state integrated art and historical – architectural and natural landscape Museum – reserve.
Kolomenskoye is one of the most ancient places of residence of the person in the territory of modern Moscow. Archaeological monuments are located in the surrounding area, indicate the presence here of people of the stone age (V – III thousand BC). In the first Millennium B. C. on the banks of the Moscow river and its tributaries, in the area of future sat Diacov and Kolomna, there are numerous unfortified settlement (the "settlement") of ancient Finno – Ugric tribe.
The history of the village of Kolomenskoye is connected with the events of medieval Russian history. According to legend, it was founded escaped after a hard battle and terrible Mongol devastation inhabitants of Kolomna. The first written sources that contain the name of the Kolomna, were spiritual ratification (wills) 1336 and 1339, the Moscow Prince Ivan Danilovich Kalita: "And behold, I give it to my son, Andrei, village. Kolomenskoe, village Nagatinskoe".
In the second half of the XIV century Kolomenskoye estate belonged to Prince Vladimir Serpuhovskoy, one of the leaders of Russian troops on the Kulikovo field. No accident that there was an appointment of troops returning from the Kulikov field. According to the legend, Prince Dmitry Donskoy and Vladimir Brave (Serpukhov) have built in Kolomenskoye memorial Church, dedicated to St. George.
Of particular importance village acquired the beginning of the XVI century, when Moscow princes paid great attention to the strengthening and protecting its southern borders. In 1527, the great Prince Vasily III, having received information about the threat of attacks of the Crimean Tatars, "was in Kolomna". Probably then he had an idea about the construction of a new yard of the temple.
The most ancient monument of the Tsar's court in Kolomenskoye – the Church of the ascension, it was first mentioned in 1532 By the legend the Cathedral was built in honor of the birth of the heir of Vasily III, the future Tsar Ivan IV the terrible. The temple was finished and consecrated in September 1532. It was celebrated in the Grand Palace.
The Church of the ascension is the highest architectural construction of his time in Russia (its height is 62 m) with cone – shaped brick completion, "tent", crowned with a small cupola with a cross. The desire to provide the building strength and durability due to the unusual thickness of the walls, reaching 2,5 – 3 m. The majestic vaulted Church is considered the "pearl" of Kolomna.
By XVI century, the time when in Kolomenskoye was formed Grand Ducal residence, are standing next to the Church of the ascension of George bell tower and the Church of the beheading Chestnye of St. John the Baptist in Djakova. The village of Dyakovo (or Dyakovo) was first mentioned in the beginning of the XV century the Exact date of construction of the temple is unknown. The most common hypothesis links the construction of the temple with the coronation of Ivan IV in winter 1547. In the XVII century, has reached a new stage in the history of Kolomna and the old Royal estates. Tsars of the Romanov dynasty, his affinity with the family of Ivan the terrible, strictly followed the court ceremony of the XVI century and paid great attention to the places connected with the life of the last tsars "Ryurikova tribe".
Already during the reign of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich Kolomenskoye was the favourite summer residence of the ruling family. By the autumn of 1640, there was built a wooden Palace – Palace triplets with porch and Pavlusha". Further history of the Tsar's court in Kolomenskoye – making it a Grand summer residence, a kind of "Moscow Kremlin" – related to the activities of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich.
The main event of Kolomna history of the second Romanov was the construction of the wooden Palace: 3 May 1667 in the presence of the king, he had a bookmark. It was built from wood – the most beloved and widely spread in Russia is material. For construction were collected by the best masters carpenters, the works were supervised by the Streltsy head Ivan Mikhailov and carpentry elder Simeon Petrov. Kolomensky Palace of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, the researchers considered the top of the Russian wooden architecture. It was a wooden structure consisting of a set of chambers and chambers, United porch and transitions. This type of construction was called a Palace or horomnyi structure.
The most important parts of the Palace were the palaces of the king and of the princes, Dining room house – they made the male half, and mansions of the Queen, senior and Junior princesses was in the female half. Just in the Palace there were 27 towers, some of which reached 30 m. in height. The basis of their artistic design was taken decor Terem Palace of the Moscow Kremlin.
In 70 – s of the XVII century, in Kolomenskoe has developed a wonderful ensemble of the Tsars court, which included a wooden Palace (contemporaries called the "eighth wonder of the world", "toy removed from the chest"), a stone Palace Church of the Kazan icon of the Mother of God, connected with the Palace by a covered walkway, numerous economic and service buildings.
Until now remained of the Palace (Front) gate is the main entrance to the Imperial courtyard, facing the Church of the ascension and the Moscow river. From the North to the Palace adjoined the gate of the house) houses the Palace Chancellery, and in the South of the Chamber cellar, sometimes called the Colonel. Chamber cellar started a row of buildings intended for storage of supplies, the manufacture for the sovereign and his servants drinks and dishes. To have survived Prazsky cellar, where he was kept for foreign, mainly Italian (rajskie) of wine and a Hearty yard, Ministers which was engaged in the preparation of traditional Russian beverages (kvass, beer, honey). Between Prazskym cellar and a Hearty yard today the reconstructed building of the Cook – house.
Household buildings were situated in the Western part of Gosudarev yard, near the Spassky (Rear) of the gate. Here archaeologists discovered and preserved intact foundations of buildings Klebanova and Feed yards, recreated adjacent to the gate guardrooms. The most important part of the Tsar's court were gardens, in the XVII century very favorite Russian tsars. In six Kolomna gardens grew thousands of Apple trees, hundreds of pears, white, red and black cherry, raspberry bushes, currant, gooseberry. In addition, the oldest part of the ascension of the garden was protected oak grove, and in the Kazan old and Large gardens were planted eight cedars, two of walnut tree, two fir and other unusual for these places plants. Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich often came to his beloved country estate. Here he not only had a rest and hunt, but received foreign ambassadors met with the Patriarch and the boyars. After the death of Alexei Mikhailovich is Kolomna gradually decreased. Tsar Peter Alexeevich only occasionally visited his beloved father's estate. Initially, these visits were associated with military funs, and later with the celebration of the gained victories. In Kolomenskoye Peter troops gathered after successful Azov campaign 1696, it was in Moscow. In December 1709 by order of Tsar buffet and full" (prisoners of war), taken in the battle at Lesnaya and Poltava "together with guns and flags", was specially brought to Moscow and to "put on villages closer to Kolomna". Sam Peter came to the farm on 12 December, and his solemn entrance together with the army to the city was held on 21 December 1709. Worrying about the safety of his fathers Palace, Peter the great ordered to raise old mansion on stone foundations. To 1724 "old Palace provided a new Foundation and generally corrected". on may 14, 1724, ascension day, the Emperor Peter I last visited Kolomenskoye.
Communication with Peter Kolomna in the minds of people of the XVIII century, was so strong that gave rise to the legend that he was born in Kolomenskoye Palace. About this legend knew and Empress Catherine II. Having arrived in the Royal manor in October 1762, she visited the wooden Palace and ordered to start preparing for its repair. However, in the preparation of plans, drawings and cost estimates revealed that the Palace fell into such disrepair that it is easier and cheaper to build a new one. A Palace for the Empress was built in 1766 – 1767, to the North of the Church of the ascension, and the old was ordered to disassemble. The remaining solid construction material used for the new Palace buildings, worthless – being sawed asunder for firewood. The model of the old Palace of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich was kept in a special "one – room", a kind of vault of rarities.
Together with Catherine II in the 80 – ies of the XVIII century Kolomenskoe visited grandchildren Empress – Grand Dukes Alexander and Constantine. Becoming Emperor, Alexander I was not allowed to disassemble the dilapidated Palace of Catherine II, and in 1808 was ordered "how you can save it from further destruction." However, during the Patriotic war of 1812, the Palace was completely destroyed by the French. To 1825, architect Editorin designed for Alexander I, the new Palace. It was built using the foundations of the Catherine Palace. Located near the pavilion, which, most likely, was intended for concerts and theatrical performances. Alexander I did not have time to visit the new Palace, which was completed in the year of death of the Emperor.
Nicholas I, who was in Kolomna in 1835, was struck by its beauty and unique view of the ancient capital. Nikolai Pavlovich supposed to recreate the Royal Palace of the seventeenth century to build on the Bank of the Moscow river, another – in the "Russian style". However, the project developed Aiesteelhauler and approved by the Emperor, was not realized. The second half of the XIX century – the time of the final extinction of court life in Kolomenskoye. In 1878 there was dismantled last Palace – the Alexander. Preserved on the territory of Kolomna unique buildings of the XVI – XVII centuries, particularly the Church of the ascension, in the end of XIX century, attracted the attention of scientific and artistic circles. In 1868, the ancient Church was also visited by French composer Berlioz. In a letter to Vgodunko, which brought the composer in Kolomenskoe, Berlioz wrote: "I have seen many, many admired, many people have been affected, but the ancient Rus, the one that stood before us in the monuments of Kolomna, a fact that I saw the most amazing".
In 1913 – 1916, began the first restoration works on the monuments of Kolomna, and in 1923 the efforts of the outstanding architect – restorer PD Baranowski here was organized by the Museum. Baranovsky conducted the study of the monuments and the restoration of their ancient appearance. From destroyed churches, closed monasteries, dying estates Peter D. took out what else could be saved. Thus was laid the Foundation of a unique Museum collections of icons, architectural ceramics, woodcarving, white stone, old printed and hand – written books. The first expositions were placed in the premises of the Nourishing court yard and the old administrative chamber. Here, the main Museum expositions are located in our time. In 2004, the complex of Palace (Front) gates are part of the Decrees chambers, opened the exposition "history of Kolomenskoye", devoted to the history of the suburban village and the surrounding area from ancient times to the 30 – ies of the XX century The exhibition presents the archeological findings suggesting that the Kolomenskoe is one of the oldest settlements on the territory of Moscow; the exhibited art monuments of times of the Grand, Royal and Imperial Kolomna (icons, portraits, books, bells, tiles, weapons, household items of the XV – XIX centuries). Special attention was focused on the reconstruction of the interior of Procedure of the chamber of the times of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. The first reconstruction of the office of the interior of the XVII century, was carried out Bedranowsky. In continuation of the started them tradition, modern renovation, prepared by the staff of theA special section of the exhibition are connected with the beginning of the Museum period in the history of Kolomna and the formation of the Museum collections. In restored basements – the glacier for the first time exhibited a part of the unique collection of white – stone architectural details of the XVII – XVIII centuries, initiated by Baranovsky, saving some historical monuments during the destruction of the "white – stone Moscow". With the name of the founder of the Museum is a collection of icons of XVI – XIX centuries, which depicts Russian cities, monasteries and their patron saints. Kolomenskoye was considered Baranovsky as the Museum of architecture, construction and engineering, therefore the special attention he paid to the architectural themes. In the "Golden Treasury" of the Museum, created in imitation of the Church treasuries and dreblekhranilishe, presents the subject of Church art and items, made with the use of precious materials.
The unique exhibits of Kolomenskoye includes the monuments of wooden architecture of the XVII – XVIII centuries the Beginning of this unique part of the Museum collection in 1927 marked the PD Baranowski. Wooden buildings brought here from different places of Russia, give an idea about the defense, civil and ecclesiastical wooden architecture. The most popular among visitors modern Kolomna is building the Sovereign of the rooms, better known as the House of Peter I. In 1934, a small Palace of Peter I was brought there from Arkhangelsk city, and in 1702, it was built by Russian and Dutch ship carpenters. Currently, the Sovereign of the Svetlitsa is the only one in Moscow memorial Museum of Peter I.
The sovereign drawing rooms are located in the southern part of Gosudarev yard, in close proximity to historic buildings of Kolomna. Other wooden structures, first of all, is rare examples of military architecture, now located near the Moscow river, in the northeastern part of the Museum. The tower of the Bratsk stockaded town, Holy gates Nikolo-Karelian monastery, Mokhovaya tower Sumy Ostrog (all constructions belong to the XVII century) form a small but very interesting Museum of Russian wooden fortress architecture under the open sky. In recent years in Kolomenskoye is actively forming Ethnographic complex: there are existing barn and a smithy, the estate of Kolomenskoye of the farmers and beekeepers with the apiary, a water mill. It is planned to reconstruct some historic buildings of the village of Kolomenskoye, lost at the end of the 70 – s of the XX century, and place in the reconstructed houses the ethnographic exhibitions and displays, including interactive.
Interactivity is the inclusion of the visitor in the life of the estate, the desire to immerse him into the historical past is one of the priorities in Museum work. This is developed by the employees of tour services of the Museum – reserve tour – artistic program that includes not only the acquaintance of visitors with historical monuments, but also their participation in the calendar, family, and sometimes the court ceremonies, as well as in mass festivities, held on the territory of Kolomna. In recent years in Kolomenskoye were renovated, the ascension Church – monument, included in the world heritage List of UNESCO, and also a complex of Front gate, the Palace pavilion 1825, the bell tower and the Church of St. George.
In 2010 was inaugurated reconstructed wooden Palace of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. Wooden building-a life-size model located on the territory of former village Diacov. Visitors will see the exposition of the Palace, allowing you to experience the uniqueness of each of the milestones of the history of Kolomna, to plunge into the varied history of the Fatherland.
While working in winter period from October 1 – March 31:
Tue – Sun: 10.00 – 18.00 – box office: 09.45 – 17.30
Closed: Monday
Area is opened:
Mon – Sun: 08.00 – 21.00
Output: output without
Time of work in the summer period from 1 April to 30 September:
Mon – Tue, Thu:10.00 – 18.00 – box office: 09.45 – 17.30
Saturday: 11.00-18.00 – box office: 10.45 – 17.30
Closed: Monday
Area is opened:
Mon – Sun: 07.00 – 24.00
Output: output without Museum-reserve is based on the latest research of culture and life of Kolomna and Moscow XVII century
Friends, pay your attention, to the fact that the working time and days of "Moscow state integrated art and historical-architectural and natural landscape Museum-reserve of Kolomenskoye" may change, so before visiting it we recommend you to call +7 (495) 780 – 79 – 67.
